Energy
Storage value: intrinsic and extrinsic
Hundreds of simulated price paths for the next month, fitted to the zone's last two years. The intrinsic value is what today's expected price shape locks in; the extrinsic value is what reacting to price moves adds; perfect foresight is the ceiling.
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Least-squares Monte Carlo (Longstaff–Schwartz, extended to storage by Boogert and de Jong). Decisions are hourly on the hour's price; in the day-ahead market a whole day is known at once, so real extrinsic value is somewhat higher.